Vortrag, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Fall Meeting, San Francisco, San Francisco: 14.12.2009 - 18.12.2009
Abstract:
The interaction between streams and their riparian zone during rainstorms of variable intensity is still poorly understood. Field observations suggest the development of complex surface and subsurface drainage patterns, which are difficult to characterize and a challenge for simulation. Several studies based on hydro chemical and hydrometric data analysis show that runoff generation and water quality during storm events is dominated by surface-sub¬surface flow processes occurring in the near-channel riparian zone. The chemical com¬position of stream flow during high intensity rainfall events often shows typical signatures of solute concentrations of the surrounding riparian zone. Hydrometric data indicates that discharge generated in these zones reacts very quickly, almost instantaneously to rainstorms and snowmelt events. Although the significance of the riparian zone for runoff generation has been acknowledged for some time, there still exists no conceptual framework that could coherently explain the often complex, nonlinear relationships between hydrologic conditions in the riparian zone, stream discharge generation and the chemical signature of the stream water. It is hypothesized that the interplay between water table depth and surface micro-topography in the riparian zone results in distinct shifts between surface and subsurface flow dominance and the development of specific surface flow connectivity that can explain observed discharge behavior. A finite element, coupled surface-subsurface flow model is used to simulate the interactions between rainfall, the riparian zone and a near stream channel. By discretizing a 10m x 20m x 2m synthetic system on a sub-meter scale a geostatistically generated micro-topography of the riparian zone land surface is included in the model. Effects of topography at that scale are usually neglected in models of runoff generation. Simulations focus on shallow subsurface and surface flow processes, transitions between them and their relative contributions to stream flow generation. Distinct non-linear relationships between water table depth and stream discharge that reproduce relationships observed in the field are found. Surface flow contributions to total discharge are associated with the formation of discrete, connected channel networks driven by the riparian micro-topography. Rainfall of variable intensity results in complex, dynamic patterns of surface and subsurface flow paths, which are characterized by a wide range of residence times.